Environmental Risks

Genetically modified (GM) crops are altered in a number of ways that change their behaviour in the environment. They may have genes added so the crop is no longer killed by chemical weedkillers (herbicides) so farmers can spray the chemicals and kill the weeds but not the crop. Or genes may be added which produce a toxin so that insects feeding on the crop are killed.

PICTURE: In the USA, a 90% reduction in populations of the iconic Monarch butterfly has been reported to be caused largely due to loss of habitat caused by blanket spraying of RoundUp Ready GM crops with the weedkiller glyphosate (brandname RoundUp).

GM crops are living, able to grow and multiply. There are concerns that GM crops will end up in wild plants or in non-GM crops. There are also concerns that altered farming practices used to grow these crops will affect the environment.

Scientists have highlighted the kinds of effects growing GM crops may have on the environment:

Other crops and wild plants may become contaminated with the foreign genes added to the GM crop.
New 'super-weeds' may evolve which will be difficult or even impossible to eradicate.
Pollution arising from the use of harmful chemicals may increase or decrease.
Wildlife may be harmed by new toxins in the environment or changes in agricultural practices.

Genetic contamination: Crops were developed by farmers over thousands of years from plants that were once wild. Many crops have wild relatives growing close by that they can cross-pollinate. In Britain, it is sugar beet and oilseed rape - two of the GM crops that may be grown here first - that have wild relatives which could be contaminated. In tropical countries, where most crops evolved, there is a greater potential for genetic contamination. Already, GM maize imported into Mexico has contaminated native varieties.

Crops grown by organic and non-GM farmers may also be affected. Pollen can travel long distances on the wind or via insects. Separating GM from non-GM fields may help reduce contamination, but farmers and consumers could be forced to accept contamination if GM crops are grown here. Seed mixing can also occur accidentally on the farm or in the supply chain.

Super-weeds: One potential outcome of growing GM crops is that they may become problems themselves as happens when some exotic species are introduced into a new country. In the UK, the introduction of grey squirrels and rhododendrons have caused considerable environmental damage, some of which may never be put right. In Canada, where GM oilseed rape is grown, super-weeds that are resistant to three herbicides are a problem for farmers. GM oilseed rape has pollinated other rape and the seed left in the field after harvest grows as a weed in the next crop. Farmers are turning to more toxic chemicals such as 2,4 D and paraquat to control them. Superweeds are now spreading in the US and South America as a result of the use of large applications of weedkillers on herbicide-tolerant GM crops.

Pollution: The biotechnology industry has claimed that GM crops will allow farmers to use less chemical weedkillers and insecticides. The majority of GM crops being grown worldwide are tolerant to Monsanto's weedkiller, Roundup, or Bayer's weedkiller, Liberty. The companies making the chemicals also sell the GM seed. However, in North America - where GM soybean, cotton and maize are grown on thousands of acres - the use of weedkillers has not been reduced. Sales of Roundup and Liberty have increased and new factories are being built to make more.

The companies argue that Roundup (glyphosate) and Liberty (glufosinate) are less damaging to the environment than other chemicals even though they kill almost all green plants they contact. However, sometimes GM Liberty tolerant maize has not performed well and the old chemicals, such as atrazine, have been reintroduced to control weeds.

The only case where chemical use has been reduced is GM cotton with an inbuilt insecticide called Bt. Conventional cotton production often involves many - often 8 or 9 - applications of insecticide and Bt cotton has reduced this. However, the reduction may be short lived as many farmers are not following plans to prevent insects developing resistance to Bt. In some cases, there has been an explosion of new pests that are not affected by the Bt toxin. Furthermore, some varieties of Bt cotton have been removed from sale in India due to their poor performance.

Wildlife: The gradual disappearance of birds from our farmland has shown us how agricultural practices can harm wildlife. The UK's farm-scale evaluation with two of the first GM crops that could be grown here, herbicide tolerant oilseed rape and sugar beet, showed that their use would be likely to lead to further declines in farmland wildlife. In the USA, a 90% reduction in populations of the iconic Monarch butterfly has been reported to be caused largely by loss of habitat due to blanket spraying of RoundUp Ready GM crops with the weedkiller glyphosate (brandname RoundUp).

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